Commerce is an important subject in the competitive economic world and to make India atam-nirbhar. Its teaching learning process should be dynamic to make it understandable.
Meticulously written, the book makes a comprehensive and critical exposition of all facets of pedagogy of commerce. It tells the student-teacher how to write objectives, prepare lesson plans, apply various techniques of assessment, preparation of achievement test etc. It has been written in simple and lucid style giving examples for the benefit of student–teachers, in-service teachers and teacher-educators.
Dr Rainu Gupta having been in teaching profession for more than three decades as well as in administrative profession for nearly a decade, has written several books on education and guided Ph.D. scholars. Her original contribution includes development of rating scale for students’ evaluation of teaching effectiveness. Her experience reflects in her well accepted books by learners and teacher educators.
She has been associated with Sharda University as Dean and Hindu College of Education, Sonipat, as Principal. Currently she is working as Professor and Dean at Sanskriti University, Mathura. She has conducted many workshops and conferences on innovative teaching methodology and new trends in evaluation. She is actively dedicated to the improvement of teacher education.
Preface v ;
1. Understanding Commerce 1
Meaning of Commerce 1; Definitions of Commerce 2; Characteristics of Commerce 3; Components of Commerce 3; Nature of Commerce 5; Scope of Commerce 6; Limitations of Commerce 10; Place of Commerce in Secondary School Curriculum 10; Values of Teaching Commerce 13 ;
2. Understanding Business Studies and Accountancy 17
Meaning of Business Studies 17; Characteristics of Business Studies 18; Classification of Business Activities 18; Scope of Business Studies 20; Values of Business Study 22; Meaning of Accountancy 24; Definitions of Accounting 24; Characteristics of Accounting 25; Nature of Accountancy 26; Scope of Accountancy 28; Value of Accountancy/Accounting 29; Limitations of Accountancy 34 ;
3. Aims and Objectives of Teaching Commerce 36
Aims of Teaching 37; Objectives of Teaching 37; Aims of Teaching Commerce 38; Objectives of Teaching Commerce 41; Objectives of Teaching Accountancy 43; Objectives of Teaching Business Studies 45; Bloom’s Taxonomy of Objectives (1956) 46; Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (2001) 49; Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy 51 ;
4. Writing Instructional Objectives in Behavioural Terms 58
Need of Writing Objectives in Behavioural Terms 59; Procedure for Writing Behavioural Objectives 60; Example of Revised Taxonomy by Anderson & Krathwohl 61; Example of Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy 62 ;
5. Curriculum and Textbook of Commerce 66
Meaning of Curriculum 67; Concepts Related to Curriculum 67; Characteristics of Curriculum 68; Difference between Syllabus and Curriculum 69; Importance of Curriculum 69; Bases of Curriculum Construction 70; Development of Curriculum in Commerce 70; Principles of Curriculum Construction 75; Critical Appraisal of Curriculum of Commerce 77; Suggestions for the Improvement of Curriculum 78; Commerce Textbook 80; Definitions 80; Characteristics of Textbook 80; Need and Importance 81; Qualities of a Good Textbook 82; Defects of Existing Textbook of Commerce 84; Criteria for the Evaluation of Textbook 85; Role of Library and Reference Books in Teaching of Commerce 87; Changing Role of Libraries 88; Contents of a Commerce Library 89 ;
6. Self Instructional Modules and Materials in Teaching Commerce 91
Individualized Self Instructional Modules 91; Forms of Individualized Self Instruction Module 92; Development in the Field of ICT and CAI 99; Group Directed Self Instructional Modules 104; Elements of Group Directed Instructions 104; Procedure/Steps of Group Directed Self Instructions 105; Self Instructional Material in Commerce 106; Meaning of Instructional Material 106; Need and Importance of Instructional Material 106; Criterion for the selection of Effective Instructional Material 108; Difficulties and Problems in the use of Instructional Material 109; Classification of Instructional Material 109; Use of Various Instructional Materials in Teaching and Learning of Commerce 112; Films 112; Television 114; Computers 115; Chart 119 ; Graphs 121; Model 122; Tables 124; Original Material 124; Internet 125; E-learning 127; Power Point Presentation 133 ;
7. Effective Skills and Methods of Teaching Commerce 137
Skills 137; Classification of Skills 138; Core Teaching Skills 140; Integration of Teaching Skills 155; Instructional Strategies and Methods 155; Instructional Strategy 157; Importance of Instructional Strategies 158; Instructional Method 159; Difference between Instructional Strategy and Method 160; Classification of Methods 162; Discussion Method 163; Project Method 169; Problem Solving Method 175; Socialized Recitation Method 179; Supervised Study Method 184; Lecture Method 189; Lecture cum Discussion Method 194; Role Playing Method 196; Selection of a Good Method/Strategy 200
8. Specific Approaches of Teaching Book-keeping 201
Principles of Teaching Book-keeping 201; Instructional Objectives of Book-keeping 201; Approaches of Teaching Book-keeping 202
9. Active Learning Strategies 206
Brainstorming 207; Collaborative Learning 208; Peer Teaching 209; Problem Based Learning (PBL) 209
10. Co-Curricular Activities in Commerce 214
Objectives of Co-curricular Activities 214; Type of Co-curricular Activities 215; Principles Underlying Organisation of Co-Curricular Activities 215; Need and Importance of Co-curricular Activities 217; Role and Organisation of Some Co-curricular Activities in Teaching of Commerce 219; Commerce Club 219; Debate 222; Field Trips or Excursion 224; Possible Field Trips 224; Follow Up Work for Field Trip 226; Importance of Field Trips 226
11. Commerce Teacher 228
Qualities of a Commerce Teacher 228; Role of the Teacher in Teaching Commerce 232
12. Construction of Tests in Commerce 234
Achievement Test 234; Item Analysis 245; Unit-Test 262
13. Pedagogical Analysis in Commerce 270
Aspects of Pedagogical Analysis 271; Utility of Pedagogical Analysis for Commerce Teachers 273; Content Analysis 277; Behavioural Objectives 278; Teaching Learning Activities 278; Evaluation 279
14. Assessment, Evaluation and Grading in Commerce 281
Concept of Assessment 281; Concept of Evaluation 284; Characteristics of Evaluation 287; Objectives/Purposes of Evaluation in Commerce 287; Need and Importance of Evaluation 288; Methods of Evaluation 289; Types of Evaluation 290; Tools and Techniques of Evaluation 305; Quantitative Techniques 305; Qualitative Techniques 313; Reflective Journal 319; Grading System 322
15. Lesson-Planning 330
Importance/Merits/Advantages of Lesson Planning 331; Precautions while Preparing the Lesson-Plan 331; Types of Lesson 332; Procedure in Planning the Lesson 332; Approaches to Lesson Planning 335 ; Bibliography ;