Education is not merely pedagogy i.e. science of teaching but much more than that as it is influenced by many historical, cultural, economic, political and sociological factors in every country. So, teachers need to understand the inter-relationship between education and these factors. The teachers are also required to understand the role of education as an intervention tool for desired changes in the country and also to appreciate the influence of social set-up on education in which it operates.
This book should serve the educational purposes of students, teachers, teacher educators, student-teachers, parents etc. for developing a better understanding about the different concepts related to contemporary India and education. It offers a site for prospective teachers and researchers to engage with studies on Indian society and education, acquire conceptual tools of sociological analysis, and hands on experience of engaging with diverse communities, children and schools.
Prof. Noushad Husain, Principal in Maulana Azad National Urdu University, College of Teacher Education, Asansol (West Bengal), is the author/editor of numerous books and books’ chapters, articles and professional papers on different aspects of Higher Education. He has been working extensively in the field of educational technology. He is actively involved in theory and practice of teaching and learning with new media. His research interest areas are – Research Methodology, Web and Internet Technologies, ICT in Education, Content Knowledge, Reflective Thinking, E-learning, Web-Based Learning; Computer-Assisted Teaching Environments, Pedagogical Approaches to Teaching and Differentiated Instruction. He is actively engaged in research, training, consultancy and social service programme.
Preface
Part I: Contemporary India
1. Structure, Types and Features of Indian Society
Social Structure of Indian Society; Features/ Distinct Characteristics of Social Structure of Indian Society; Structure of Indian Societies; Tribal Society; Agrarian Society; Industrial Society; Post-Industrial Society
2. Education and Contemporary Indian Society
Meaning and Definition of Indian Society; Meaning and Definition of Emerging Indian Society; Principles of Indian Democracy; Forms of Indian Society; Relationship between Society and Education; Impact of Society on Education; Impact of Education on Society
3. Education and Social Stratification
Concept of Social Stratification; Meanings of Social Stratification; Definitions of Social Stratification; Origin of Stratification; Forms and Functions of Stratification; Urban Growth and Urbanization; Industrialization and Environment; Globalization; Education and Modernization; Modernization of Indian Tradition; Digitalization; Economic Liberalization; Stratification in Indian Society; Forms of Stratification; Principles of Social Stratification; Features of Social Stratification; Causes of Social Stratification; Types or Categories of Social Stratification; Problems Caused by Stratification; Social Stratification and Equality of Educational Opportunities; Problems Concerning Equality of Opportunities in Education
Part II: Educational Provisions in the Constitution of India
4. The Constitution of India
Preamble of Indian Constitution; Components of the Preamble; Key Word in the Preamble; Basics of Indian Constitution; Salient Features of Indian Constitution
5. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties
Meaning of Fundamental Rights; Importance of Fundamental Rights; Features of Fundamental Rights; Fundamental Rights (Articles 14-18, 19‑22, 23-24, 25-28, 29-30, 32); Types of Fundamental Rights; Right to Equality (Articles 14-18); Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22); Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24); Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28); Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30); Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32); Meaning of Fundamental Duties; Importance of Fundamental Duties; Difference between Fundamental Right and Directive Principles of State Policy; List of Fundamental Duties
6. Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution
Definition of Directive Principles of State Policy; Meaning of Directive Principles of State Policy; Features of Directive Principles of State Policy; Significance of Directional Principles of State Policy; Classification of Directive Principles of State Policy; Directive Principles of State Policy; Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Part IV (Articles 36-51); Relationship between Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
7. Federalism in India
Legislative Powers; Nature of Indian Federation; Federal Features of the Indian Constitution
8. Educational Provisions in the Constitution of India
Goals of Educations Envisaged in the Constitution; Constitutional Provisions Regarding Education in India; Provision of Compulsory and Free Education for Children Up to 14 Years of Age; Child Care and Provision of Education for Infants from Birth to 6 Years of Age; Special Provision for Education of Children of Weaker classes – Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; Provision of Higher Education and Research Centres of National Importance by Union Government; Special Provision with Respect to Educational Grants for the Benefit of Angelo-Indian Community; Education of Languages of National Importance; The Persons with Disabilities Act; The Union List; State List; Concurrent List; Reservation in Education; National Values as Enshrined in the Constitution and their Educational Implications; List I: List of Union Subjects; List II: List of State Subjects; List III: List of Concurrent Subjects
9. Role of Central, State and Local Bodies in Providing Education in India
Centre-State Relationship; State List (66 Subjects); Concurrent List (47 Subjects); Language Issues; Part XVII (Official Language: Chapter I–Language of the Union); Part XVII (Chapter II – Regional Languages); Part XVII (Chapter III – Language of the Supreme, High Courts etc.); Part XVII (Chapter IV – Special Directives); Role of Central Government and State Government in Promoting Education in India; Role of Central Government; Role of State Governments in Educational Financing; Role of Local Bodies in Educational Financing
10. CABE Committee on Decentralized Management of Education: Veerappa Committee—1993
Members of the Committee; Background; Terms of Reference of the Committee; Guidelines; Recommendations of the Committee; Decentralization in India; Decentralized Education Governance in India; Panchayati Raj System; The 73rd Constitutional Amendment 1992; The 74th Constitutional Amendment 1992
11. Aims of Education
Concept of Aims of Education; Nature of the Aims of Education; Sources of Aims of Education: Educational Aims as Derived from the Constitution of India; Provisions of Indian Constitution influencing educational aims of the society; Aims of Indian Education System; National Policy on Education—1986 and Aims of Education; NPE and Aims of Education; National Curriculum Framework (NCF) – 2005 and Aims of Education
12. Secularism, Social Goals, Democracy, Socialist Pattern of Society and Education
Secularism
Secularism in the Indian Constitution; Origin and Derivation of the Word Secularism; Indian Concept of Secularism and a Secular State; Secular Outlook or Characteristics of a Secular Minded Individual; Constitutional Provisions and Secularism; Characteristics of the Secular State of India; Educational Implications of Secularism;
Social Goals
Meaning of Social Goals; Constitutional Provisions for the Achievement of Social Goals;
Democracy
Meaning and Definition of Democracy; Definition of Democracy; Significance of Each Letter in the Term Democracy: Values of Democracy; Chief Characteristics of Democracy in a Broader Sense; Conditions/Requisites for the Successful Working of Democracy; Relationship between Democracy and Education; Importance of Education in Democracy; Significant Implications of Democracy in Education /103; Democracy in Education; Measures for Educating and Training the Students for Democracy; Role of the School and Teacher in Developing Democratic Values in Students;
Social Pattern of Society
Meaning of a Socialist Pattern of Society; Features of Indian Concept of a Socialist Society (‘Sarvodaya Samaj’); Policy Provisions in the Constitution for the Development of a Socialist Society; Role of Education in Establishing a Socialist Pattern of Society; Steps Taken by the Government for Establishing a Socialist Pattern of Society
Part III: Indian Educational Reformation in the Pre-Independence Period
13. Macaulay’s Minutes—1835
Macaulay’s Minutes; Points of Controversy on the Interpretation of Charter Act of 1813 and the National System of Education and Macaulay’s Role; Observations Made by Macaulay; Macaulay’s Arguments in Favour of Introducing English System of Education in India; Downward Filtration Theory of Education; Macaulay Contribution to Indian Education; Merits of Macaulay Minutes; Demerits of Macaulay Minutes
14. Wood’s Despatch—1854
Aims and Objectives of Educational Policy; Recommendations of Wood’s Despatch; Main Highlights of Wood’s Despatch; Merits of Wood’s Despatch; Demerits of Wood’s Despatch
15. Hunter Commission on Education—1882
Hunter Commission on Education, 1882; Aims of Hunter Commission; Recommendations of Hunter Commission on the Development of Primary Education; Summary of Recommendations of Hunter Commission
16. Sergeant Report of Education—1944
Sergeant Report of Education—1944; Formation of the Committee; Proposal of the Committee as a National System of Education; Suggestions of the Sargent Committee
17. Basic Education
Historical Background of Basic Education; Meaning and Philosophy of Basic Education; Principles of Wardha Scheme; Main Features of Wardha Scheme of Education; Curriculum of Basic Education; Merits of Basic Education; Demerits or Causes of Failure of Basic Education
18. Nai Talim
Meaning and Concept of Nai Talim; Pedagogy of Nai Talim; Features of Nai Talim
Part IV: Indian Education Reformation in Post Independence Period
19. Secondary Education Commission—(1952-53) (Mudaliar Commission)
Background and Appointment of the Secondary Education Commission; Terms of Reference; Method of Enquiry; Report of the Commission; Defects of the Existing System; Recommendations on the Aims of Secondary Education; Re-organization of Secondary Education; Curriculum in Secondary School; Curriculum of Different Stages of Secondary Schools
20. Kothari Commission—1964-66 (Education Commission)
Education Commission (Kothari Commission) – 1964-66; Need for Appointment of Commission; Goals and Objectives of the Commission; Recommendations of Education Commission (Kothari Commission); Features of Kothari Commission; Evaluation of the Indian Education Commission
21. National Policy on Education—1968
National Policy on Education—1968; Declaration of the Policy; Principles to Promote the Development of Education in India; Summary of National Policy on Education—1968
22. National Policy on Education—1986
National Policy on Education-1986; Salient Features of National Policy on Education—1986
23. National Programme of Action—1992
Recommendations of National Programmes of Action (PoA)—1992; Main Highlights of National Policy on Education (1986) and Its POA (1992)
24. Right to Education Act—2009
History of Right to Education Act; Right to Education (RTE) Act—2009; Definition of RTE Act—2009; Main Features of the RTE ACT
25. National Knowledge Commission (NKC)
Members of the National Knowledge Commission; Terms of Reference of the National Knowledge Commission; Objectives of National Knowledge Commission; Organization National Knowledge Commission; Methodology of National Knowledge Commission; Recommendations of National Knowledge Commission; Suggestions and Recommendations of NKC Covering the Different Aspects of School Education
Part V: Policy Frameworks for the Development of Education in India
26. Socio-Cultural Considerations in Education
Socio-Cultural Considerations in Education; Philosophical Considerations in Education; Psychological Considerations in Education
27. Common School System (CSS)
Definition of Common School System; Concept and Meaning of Common School System; Principles of Common School System; Characteristics of Common School System; Features of Common School System; Problems in Implementation of Common School System; Obstacle to the Establishment of a Common School System
28. National System of Education in India
National System of Education in India; The Essence and Role of Education; Base of National System of Education; Strength of Education System; A Meaningful Partnership
29. Language Policy of India
What is a Language Policy?; The Need of Language Policy; Language Policy of India; The Three Language Formula; Education Policy and the Language Policy; Eighth Schedule to the Constitution; Language Provisions in the Constitution
30. Learning without Burden Yash Pal Committee (1993)
Terms of Reference of the Committee; Recommendations of Yash Pal Committee
31. Justice Verma Commission (2012)
Composition of the Commission; Terms of Reference (ToRs); Recommendations of the Justice Verma Commission; General Recommendations
32. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching
Goals of PMMMNMTT; Mission Strategies; Outcomes of the Mission; Deliverables; Components; Component 1: 30 Schools of Education; Component 2: Centres of Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education (5 Nos.); Component 3: Teaching Learning Centres (25 Nos.); Component 4: Faculty Development Centres (20 Nos.); Component-5: Inter-University Centre for Teachers Education (IUCTE) (2 Nos.); Component 6: Innovations, Awards and Teaching Resource Grant, including workshops and seminars; Component 7: Subject Networks for Curricular Renewal and Reforms; Component 8: National Resource Centre for Education/Higher Education Academy; Component 9: Centres of Academic Leadership and Education Management (5 Nos.)
Part VI: Government Policies on Education
33. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
History of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan; Meaning of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan; Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan as a Framework and as a Programme; Aims of SSA; Objectives of SSA; Features of SSA; Broad Strategies Central to SSA Programme; Norms for Interventions under SSA
34. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA); Objectives of RMSA; Physical Facilities Provided Under RMSA; Quality Interventions Provided Under RMSA; Equity Interventions Provided in RMSA; Implementation Mechanism of RMSA; Activities taken up under RMSA
35. Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)
Meal Provisions; Objectives of Mid Day Meal / Scheme; Rationale of Mid Day Meal Scheme; Mid-Day Meal Rules, 2015 under National Food Security Act, 2013
36. National Policy on ICT in School Education
Vision, Mission and Policy Goals; What is ICT?; Information and Communication Technology in School Education
37. National Curriculum Framework (NCF)—2005
Meaning of NCF—2005; Summary of NCF—2005; Main Features of NCF-2005
38. National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE) – 2009
Meaning of NCFTE—2009; History of NCFTE–2009; Objectives of NCFTE–2009; Summary of NCFTE–2009; Main Features of NCFTE–2009
39. National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER)
National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER); Mission of NROER; Objectives of NROER; Features of NROER; Organization of Repository; Content on the Repository; Who can contribute for the Repository?; What can be contributed?; Copyright Issues
40. Mahila Samakhya Programme
Parameters of Mahila Samakhya Programme; Philosophies and Principles of Mahila Samakhya Programme; Aim of Mahila Samakhya Programme; Objectives of Mahila Samakhya Programme; Features of Mahila Samakhya Programme
41. Scheme to Provide Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM)
Objectives of SPQEM; Eligibility for SPQEM; Financial Assistance for Spqem; Features of SPQEM; Objectives of SPQEM
42. Educational Schemes for Girls, SC, ST and Marginalized Group
Part VII: Monitoring Agencies of Indian Education
43. Monitoring Agencies
University Grants Commission (UGC)
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (Naac)
National University for Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA)
National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Institute of Advanced Studies in Education (IASEs)
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET)
Colleges of Teacher Education (CTEs)
District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET)
Part VIII: Contemporary Indian Education
44. Effects of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization, Industrialization, Urbanization, Modernization and Internationalization on Education
Liberalisation; Privatisation; Privatization of Education; Globalisation; Globalization and Education; Industrialization; Urbanization; Modernization; Internationalization of Education; Response to Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) Process; Implications of Lpg on Education
45. Equalization and Universalization of Elementary and Secondary Education
Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE)
Meaning of Universalization of Elementary Education; Why Elementary Education; Constitutional, Legal and National Statements for UEE; Meaning of Universalization of Elementary Education; Process of Universalisation of Elementary Education; Stages of Universalisation of Elementary Education; Importance of Universalization of Elementary Education; Problems/Issues of Universalisation of Elementary Education; Strategies for Achieving Universalization of Elementary Education
Universalization of Secondary Education
Historical View of Universalization of Secondary Education; Guiding Principles of Universal Secondary Education; Aims and objectives of Universal Secondary Education; Recommendations about Universalization of Secondary Education
46. Equality and Equity in Education
Meaning of Equality and Equity in Education; Equality and Equity in Education and the Constitution of India; Need and Importance of Equality and Equity in Education; Achieving Equality and Equity in Education; Equality and Equity in Education as Suggested by Kothari Commission; Equality and Equity in Nation Policy of Education (1986)
Part IX: Issues and Concerns in Education
47. Equality of Educational Opportunities
What is Equality of Educational Opportunity?; What is Inequality?; What is Equality?; Need/Importance of Equalization of Educational Opportunities; Problems of Equality of Educational Opportunities; Causes of Inequality in Respect of Educational Opportunities; Promoting Equality of Educational Opportunities in India; Constitutional Provisions for Equality of Educational Opportunities; Measures to be taken for Equalization of Educational Opportunities; Provisions Made in NPE-1986; Equality of Educational Opportunities for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; Equality of Educational Opportunities for Women; Equality of Educational Opportunities for Disabled Children; Equality of Educational Opportunities for Minorities
48. Inequality in Education
Aspects of Inequality; Educational Inequality; What is Inequality of Education?; Causes of Inequality in Education; Probable Solutions of Inequality in Education
49. Discrimination in Education
What is Discrimination?; Types of Discrimination; Forms of Discrimination; Causes of Discrimination in Education; Solutions of Discrimination in Education; Preventing Discrimination; How to Avoid Discrimination?
50. Marginalization in Education
Defining Marginalization; Nature of Marginalization; Types of Marginalization; Causes of Marginalization; Marginalized Groups; Education of the Marginalized in the Indian Context; Measures for Education of the Marginalized; Gender Inequality; Inclusive Settings; Multicultural Education; Role of Education in Addressing the Needs of Marginalized Groups in Indian Society: SC/ST/OBC/EBC/NT, Women, Transgender, Rural and Remote Region; Provisions and Schemes for Education of the Marginalized; Solutions of Marginalization in Education
References